Name: The Tech Hidden Beneath This Airport Could Make Air-Traffic-Control Towers Obsolete
Uploaded: 2024-02-26T05:01:00Z
Duration: 6 min 34 s
Description: A lab in the base of Heathrow airport's control tower is using high definition cameras and machine learning algorithms to redefine how air traffic controllers operate and whether there needs to be a tower at all.

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A lab in the base of Heathrow airport's control tower is using high definition cameras and machine learning algorithms to redefine how air traffic controllers operate and whether there needs to be a tower at all. Photo: Anivor/George Downs

https://m.wsj.net/video/20240226/1e2c984e-f047-47f7-b1ab-1f7d1104f9e1/5/hls/manifest-hd-wifi.m3u8

A lab in the base of Heathrow airport's control tower is using high definition cameras and machine learning algorithms to redefine how air traffic controllers operate and whether there needs to be a tower at all.

The Tech Hidden Beneath This Airport Could Make Air-Traffic-Control Towers Obsolete

Presenter: The tower at London's Heathrow Airport is hiding a secret. While air traffic controllers at the top of the tower direct planes to take off and land, using sight, radar, and voice.

658, 27 right, cleared for take off, wind three, zero, zero, at nine.

Presenter: Hidden 200 feet down in the base of Heathrow's Tower, lies the next generation of air traffic control, the digital AI tower. Here, companies are testing whether high definition cameras and AI algorithms could bring air traffic control into the 21st century. That's because while air traffic has increased fivefold over the past four decades, the method for managing air traffic hasn't really changed much at all. So while towers have become an iconic part of any airport, this technology could be their demise. Here's how digital towers are reshaping airports. What you are seeing here isn't a window, it's a live feed from an array of high definition cameras, mounted here, just below Heathrow's tower, which are stitched together to create a panoramic view of the runways.

So the views behind me are the views that the controllers see out of the window, and in fact, to the millisecond, are seeing out of the window, as we speak now.

Presenter: The system is being run by NATS, a company that provides air traffic management services to the U.K. Andy said that, as well as showing the view from the tower, an algorithm is overlaying radar information on each aircraft, making it far easier for a controller to identify which plane is which. And the cameras don't just have to go in a tower configuration. They can be distributed anywhere around the airfield, providing views at ground level during low clouds, or even allowing the air traffic controller to effectively see through buildings.

Controllers can jump electronically two or three kilometers along the surface of the airport, instantly see objects that are hidden by a terminal building as if they were right beneath the air traffic control tower.

Presenter: Once you have cameras everywhere, the video can also be sent to machine learning algorithms, like this one being developed by Canadian Airport Technology firm, Searidge. Here, an AI model is using visual processing to identify the support vehicles around the aircraft, like the stairs and baggage trolleys, and can instantly determine whether they're in place quickly enough for the plane to make its next departure, something that's currently estimated by ground staff. While turnaround speed may not be a huge deal for passengers, for airlines, it's big business. After all, planes that aren't flying don't make money. A Boeing study found that if you take 25 minutes to turn around a 500 mile flight, instead of 35 minutes, you could squeeze in almost 200 extra flights in a year. The software is also capable of identifying when an airplane has safely left the runway, even in low visibility, allowing aircraft to continue to take off and land with high frequency in low cloud, and potentially reducing near misses.

An AI will happily monitor a wide range of things simultaneously, whereas a human has to focus on particular areas, one at a time. So going from a human scan around an airport to AI being kind of omnipresent, in terms of its monitoring, I think is a real bonus because you then provide the controller with more head space to do the decision making.

Presenter: Now, while this technology may seem somewhat futuristic, aspects of it are already in use today. If you've ever landed at London City Airport in the U.K., you may have assumed that this traditional control tower-looking building was where the air traffic controllers sit. But they're actually in a digital tower over 70 miles away in this building near South Hampton, viewing cameras from atop this tower, adjacent to the airport's runway. And in Norway, this digital tower hub, run by airport group, Avinor, is being used to provide remote air traffic services to nine airports across the country, and is set to expand to 21 by the end of the decade, with controllers able to handle traffic at up to three airports from the same workstation. Digital towers could also solve one major headache for airports, having to move their towers. See, as air traffic continues to grow and airports expand, existing towers often end up in the wrong place, and moving them isn't exactly cheap. When Heathrow began plans to build a new terminal, over here, the old air traffic control tower, which was previously right in the middle of the airport, was now over a mile away from the new terminal.

The view direct from that air traffic control tower was not sufficient to be able to see terminal five, let alone the operations around it.

Presenter: A decision was made to build a brand new tower in the new middle of the airport at a cost of 50 million pounds, which back in the year 2000, was around $80 million. But a digital tower could have removed the need for Heathrow to move its tower at all.

A lot of air traffic control towers are end of life for airports for expanding, and therefore, they need new air traffic control facilities. A digital tower, you could do for significantly less than that.

Presenter: And that's an issue some American airports are facing right now. In a recent report, the FAA identified 31 towers across the U.S. that are functioning beyond their intended design life. So could digital towers be the answer? Well, the U.S. was, at one point, testing two remote towers in Colorado and Virginia, but they've both recently ceased operations, and the FAA has instead launched a pilot program to test virtual tower technology that could be rolled out across America. But for now, while digital towers are going online around the globe, they remain uncertified in America, and it's set to be over three years before any remote tower system gets the green light, which may help explain why the FAA's plan for those 31 sites is to set $500 million aside to aid the construction of new brick and mortar towers. So for now, at least, it seems like the iconic air traffic control tower will continue to be a staple for many American airports. But if this technology becomes certified in the U.S., could it spell the end of the airport tower, or even the end of the air traffic controller? Well, in Norway, the company running the Digital Tower Center said that while its remote towers aren't a downsizing process, they acknowledge that not everybody will be able to relocate from far-flung airfields to their remote tower center. And while AI may be used to provide more and more information to the controller, Searidge say their technology is not a replacement for human control,

We'll have to see, as AI capability increases, but there is a real opportunity to support operations now. There is a global shortage of air traffic controllers, so actually, being able to be more efficient with our use of that finite resource is quite important.